python - tkinter: Analog clock refreshing - how does "after" function work? -
recently, i'm beginner in python, , i've programmed analog clock on tkinter, can display time every second. clock uses while 1 infinite loop refresh time, totally blocks rest of program. because want use in program, parallel function, had reprogram refreshing method.
i've found after() function can (i think) me, runtimeerror: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison , don't understand why. drawing of clock heavy python? i'll put code here , hope understand problem , can me.
(ps 1: don't take care code before "principle function" , don't think problem there, i'll still post because i'm not sure @ part debugged.
ps 2: i'm sorry english may problem, tell me if don't understand.)
#list of imported modules tkinter import * math import cos, sin time import gmtime, sleep #defining of secondary functions def drawcircle(alpha,beta,rayon,couleur,can): #draw circle base on center coord radius , color x1,y1,x2,y2=alpha-rayon, beta-rayon, alpha+rayon, beta+rayon can.create_oval(x1,y1,x2,y2,fill=couleur) def drawpetaig(coorda, coordz, taille, omega, can): #function drawn second hand of clock pi = 3.141592 omega = ((omega/60)+1)*30 can.create_line(coorda + (taille/3) * cos(pi*(omega/180)), coordz + (taille/3) * sin(pi*(omega/180)), coorda - (taille/8) * cos(pi*(omega/180)), coordz - (taille/8) * sin(pi*(omega/180)) ) def drawgrdaig(coorda, coordz, taille, omega, can): #function draw minute hand, based on center coord , minutes. pi = 3.141592 omega = (omega-15)*6 can.create_line(coorda + (taille/1.5) * cos(pi*(omega/180)), coordz + (taille/1.5) * sin(pi*(omega/180)), coorda - (taille/6) * cos(pi*(omega/180)), coordz - (taille/6) * sin(pi*(omega/180))) def drawsecaig(coorda, coordz, taille, omega, can): #function draw hour hand pi = 3.141592 omega = (omega-15) *6 can.create_line(coorda + (taille/1.5) * cos(pi*(omega/180)), coordz + (taille/1.5) * sin(pi*(omega/180)), coorda - (taille/6) * cos(pi*(omega/180)), coordz - (taille/6) * sin(pi*(omega/180)), fill = "red") def fondhorloge(coorda, coordz, taille, can1): #function drawing backgroud of clock pi = 3.141592 drawcircle(coorda, coordz, taille + (taille/10), "grey6",can1) #drawing surrounding of clock drawcircle(coorda, coordz, taille, "ivory3",can1)#backgroud drawcircle(coorda, coordz, taille/80, "grey6",can1)#central point/needle articulation can1.create_line(coorda + (taille - (taille/15)), coordz, coorda + (taille - (taille/5)), coordz) #drawing n/s/e/w decorativ hour position can1.create_line(coorda, coordz + (taille - (taille/15)), coorda, coordz + (taille - (taille/5))) can1.create_line(coorda - (taille - (taille/15)), coordz, coorda - (taille - (taille/5)), coordz) can1.create_line(coorda, coordz - (taille - (taille/15)), coorda, coordz - (taille - (taille/5))) #here, 4*2 line defined position of 8 intermediate line between n/s/e/w decorativ line. can1.create_line(coorda + (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz + (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(30/180)), coorda + (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz + (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(30/180))) can1.create_line(coorda + (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz + (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(60/180)), coorda + (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz + (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(60/180))) can1.create_line(coorda - (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz - (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(30/180)), coorda - (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz - (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(30/180))) can1.create_line(coorda - (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz - (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(60/180)), coorda - (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz - (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(60/180))) can1.create_line(coorda + (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz - (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(30/180)), coorda + (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz - (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(30/180))) can1.create_line(coorda + (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz - (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(60/180)), coorda + (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz - (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(60/180))) can1.create_line(coorda - (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz + (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(30/180)), coorda - (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(30/180)), coordz + (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(30/180))) can1.create_line(coorda - (taille/1.05) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz + (taille/1.05) * sin(pi*(60/180)), coorda - (taille/1.20) * cos(pi*(60/180)), coordz + (taille/1.20) * sin(pi*(60/180))) #principle function (here problem starts) def horloge1(gamma, pi, epsylon):# draw clock center position x/x = gamma/pi , radius = epsylon fondhorloge(gamma, pi, epsylon, can1)# extracting time value patate = gmtime() heure = patate[3] + 1 # "+1" changing time english time french time :p minute = patate[4] seconde = patate[5] print(heure, minute, seconde) # simple test watch programm doing (run it, , you'll see, test done tausend time per second, why think problem here.) drawpetaig(gamma, pi, epsylon, minute, can1) drawgrdaig(gamma, pi, epsylon, minute, can1) drawsecaig(gamma, pi, epsylon, seconde, can1) fen1.after(1000, horloge1(250, 250, 200)) #execution of main function fen1 = tk() can1 = canvas(fen1, bg="white", height=500, width=500) can1.pack() horloge1(250, 250, 200) fen1.mainloop() fen1.destroy()
the problem in principle function, horloge1() calls while trying arrange called again after specified 1 second delay. occurs in last line:
fen1.after(1000, horloge1(250, 250, 200)) a simple way prevent this, use instead:
fen1.after(1000, lambda: horloge1(250, 250, 200)) what create anonymous function using lambda expression . function created accepts/requires no arguments, , call horloge1(250, 250, 200) when it's called. that function passed fen1.after() second argument.
the notable thing doing not call horloge1() in process. second argument .after() should callable — such function or bound method — rather results of calling one, doing.
after making change, should see moving clock hands on it:
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